Photosynthesis: Converting Light into Life

Photosynthesis is the physico-chemical process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. It is the primary source of energy for nearly all life on Earth.

The Chemical Reaction

The process takes place in the Chloroplasts using the green pigment Chlorophyll. The balanced equation is:

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Light Energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

Key Components & Stages

• Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur in the Thylakoids. Solar energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
• Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Occur in the Stroma. CO₂ is “fixed” to produce Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
• Stomata: Tiny pores on leaves through which CO₂ enters and O₂/Water vapor exits.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

• Light Intensity: Rate increases with light until other factors become limiting.
• CO₂ Concentration: Higher concentration generally increases the rate.
• Temperature: Photosynthesis is enzyme-mediated, so it has an optimum temperature range.

Question for you: Which gas is released as a “by-product” during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?

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