General Science: Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids and Bases are fundamental chemical substances distinguished by their taste, chemical properties, and pH values. The concept of pH (potential of Hydrogen) measures their strength.

Properties and Indicators

• Acids: Sour in taste, turn blue litmus paper red, and have a pH value less than 7.
• Bases: Bitter in taste, feel soapy, turn red litmus paper blue, and have a pH value greater than 7.
• Neutralization: A reaction between an acid and a base that produces salt and water.
• Indicators: Substances like Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange used to test acidity or alkalinity.

Common Chemicals in Daily Life

• Baking Soda: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO₃); used in the food industry.
• Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃ . 10H₂O); used in glass, soap, and paper industries.
• Bleaching Powder: Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl₂); used for disinfecting water.
• Plaster of Paris: Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate (CaSO₄ . 0.5 H₂O); used to support fractured bones.

Question for you: What is the pH value of a neutral substance, such as pure distilled water, at room temperature?

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